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Scientific References

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29: Orv Hetil 2000 Jul 23;141(30):1655-9. Par A, Roth E, Rumi G Jr, Kovacs Z, Nemes J, Mozsik G. Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Altalanos Orvostudomanyi Kar, I. Belgyogyaszati Klinika, Hungary.
Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis C.

30: Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1998;228:38-46, Feher J, Lengyel G, Blazovics A.  National Institute of Internal Medicine, 2nd Dept. of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. FEHER@bel2.sote.hu, Oxidative stress in the liver and biliary tract diseases.

31: Minerva Anestesiol 1996 May;62(5):187-93. Carducci R, Armellino MF, Volpe C, Basile G, Caso N, Apicella A, Basile V.  Cattedra di Tossicologia Ospedale A. Cardarelli, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy, Silibinin and acute poisoning with Amanita phalloides.

32: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1984 May;73(3):355-62, Vogel G, Tuchweber B, Trost W, Mengs U. 
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33: J Hepatol 1989 Jul;9(1):105-13 Ferenci P, Dragosics B, Dittrich H, Frank H, Benda L, Lochs H, Meryn S, Base W, Schneider B. 1st Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Vienna, Austria. Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.

34: Toxicology 1989 Aug;57(3):267-86, Davila JC, Lenherr A, Acosta D. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin 78712. Protective effect of flavonoids on drug-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro.

35: Skin Pharmacol 1995;8(6):279-91, Shear NH, Malkiewicz IM, Klein D, Koren G, Randor S, Neuman MG. Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Ont., Canada. Acetaminophen-induced toxicity to human epidermoid cell line A431 and hepatoblastoma cell line Hep G2, in vitro, is diminished by silymarin.

36: Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2000 Oct-Dec;63(4):366-70.  Schuppan D, Koda M, Bauer M, Hahn EG., Medizinische Klinik I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany. 
Fibrosis of liver, pancreas and intestine: common mechanisms and clear targets?

37. Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 11, 558-563 (1997), Therabel Research S. A., Brussels, Belgium,Efficacy and Safety of the Extract of Serenoa repens in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Therapeutic Equivalence Between Twice and Once Daily Dosage Forms.

38: J Forensic Sci 2001 May;46(3):502-9, Reilly CA, Crouch DJ, Yost GS. Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA. Quantitative analysis of capsaicinoids in fresh peppers, oleoresin capsicum and pepper spray products.

39: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000 Feb;62(2):107-10, Shobana S, Naidu KA. Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India. Antioxidant activity of selected Indian spices.

40: Phytother Res 2001 Aug;15(5):391-4, Tolan I, Ragoobirsingh D, Morrison EY.  Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Biochemistry), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica. 
The effect of capsaicin on blood glucose, plasma insulin levels and insulin binding in dog models.
Capsicum frutescens has been used to treat diabetes mellitus by traditional healers in Jamaica. In conclusion it can be stated that capsaicin is responsible for the hypoglycaemic episodes seen in the dogs and that it also causes an increase in insulin secretion which leads to a reduction of insulin binding on the insulin receptors. 

41: Onkologie, 10 (3Suppl):27-33  1987 Jun, E.G. Coeugniet, E. Elek, Immunomodulation with Viscum album and Echinacea purpurea extracts.

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45: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999 Dec;63(12):2118-22, Asai A, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. Laboratory of Biodynamic Chemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Agriculture, Sendai, Japan. asai@biochem.tohoku.ac.jp, Antioxidative effects of turmeric, rosemary and capsicum extracts on membrane phospholipid peroxidation and liver lipid metabolism in mice.

46: Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 Mar;29(3):355-6, Lim K, Yoshioka M, Kikuzato S, Kiyonaga A, Tanaka H, Shindo M, Suzuki M. Department of Athletics, School of Art & Sports Sciences, University of Inchon, REPUBLIC OF KOREA. Dietary red pepper ingestion increases carbohydrate oxidation at rest and during exercise in runners.

47: Dig Dis Sci 1995 Mar;40(3):580-3, Yeoh KG, Kang JY, Yap I, Guan R, Tan CC, Wee A, Teng CH. Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore. Chili protects against aspirin-induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury in humans. randomized controlled trial, tested by endoscopy 6 hours after aspirin adminstration. 18 healthy volunteers.

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49: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1999 Oct;20(10):912-6, Zhou FW, Li YJ, Deng HW., Department of Pharmacology, Hunan Medical University, Changsha 410078, China. Early and delayed protection by capsaicin against reperfusion injury in rat hearts. RESULTS: Capsaicin (50 mg.kg-1, s.c.) improved the recovery of cardiac function and decreased the release of CK (creatine kinase) CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with capsaicin induces the early and delayed cardioprotection, which may be related to stimulation of CGRP release in the rat.

50: J Vet Med Sci 2001 May;63(5):499-503, Yeon D, Kwon S, Lee Y, Leem J, Nam T, Ahn D. Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Capsaicin-induced relaxation in rabbit coronary artery. These results indicate that capsaicin may have a direct relaxing effect on the smooth muscle contractility, and relaxation may be due to activation of the 4-AP-sensitive, delayed rectifier K+ channels in the rabbit coronary artery.

51: Acta Physiol Scand 1989 Aug;136(4):575-80, Franco-Cereceda A, Rudehill A. Department of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Capsaicin-induced vasodilatation of human coronary arteries in vitro is mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide rather than substance P or neurokinin A. Application of Capsaicin to the coronary artery evoked a relaxation of the potassium-pre-contracted human coronary arteries. 

52: Clin J Pain 1998 Jun;14(2):97-106, Hautkappe M, Roizen MF, Toledano A, Roth S, Jeffries JA, Ostermeier AM. Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. Review of the effectiveness of capsaicin for painful cutaneous disorders and neural dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Capsaicin is effective for psoriasis, pruritus, and cluster headache; it is often helpful for the itching and pain of postmastectomy pain syndrome, oral mucositis, cutaneous allergy, loin pain/hematuria syndrome, neck pain, amputation stump pain, and skin tumor; and it may be beneficial for neural dysfunction (detrusor hyperreflexia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and rhinopathy). 

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54: Cancer Lett 2001 Apr 26;165(2):139-45, Jung MY, Kang HJ, Moon A. College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 419 Ssangmun-Dong, Tobong-Ku, 132-714, Seoul, South Korea. 
Capsaicin-induced apoptosis in SK-Hep-1 hepatocarcinoma cells involves Bcl-2 downregulation and caspase-3 activation. Korean researchers found that capsaicin caused cancerous liver cells (hepatocarcinoma cells) to die through a process called apoptosis.  They believed that red pepper could be useful as a preventative agent for liver cancer.

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56: Biofactors 2000;12(1-4):107-12, Surh YJ, Han SS, Keum YS, Seo HJ, Lee SS., College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu, Korea. surh@plaza.snu.ac.kr, Inhibitory effects of curcumin and capsaicin on phorbol ester-induced activation of eukaryotic transcription factors, NF-kappaB and AP-1.

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